Are payments from Aflac from a disability policy considered taxable income?

Was it through your employer? or you have purchased it individually? If you have paid the premium from your after tax income then it might not be taxable. You may talk to an aflac associate regarding this.

Yeah, if your employer has paid the premium then it would be considered as deferred compensation and therefore is taxable. However, the benefits received from a private disability policy isn't taxable if paid by the policy holder with his after tax money.

What if the payment was paid entirely by the employee but came out of pretax dollars - were deducted from the paycheck prior to taxation?

If the money was paid pre-tax then the proceeds are probably taxable. Check with your company's HR or with your tax advisor if you have one.

I have an AFLAC Long Term Care policy which I pay for myself. I was unfortunately in the nursing home for 2 months for a fall

that broke an arm and a leg. AFLAC paid me $70.00 per day while I was at NHC. Is any or all of this taxable?

Depends on whether your policy is Tax Qualified or not. It doesn't sound like you had an LTC policy at all, but rather a short term disability policy.